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You certainly put a brand new spin on a subject that has been written about for a long time. Wonderful stuff, just excellent! All of these are the characters of people if they want to be success in their life and able to handle the problem they face.
They get language use as well as to improve their characters. Conclusion Clearly learning language does not only focuses on its structure, function and purpose based on the social-cultural context but also to help the students build their own characters. Therefore, the materials are not only good for teaching language, but also to build the characters of the students that they need in their daily life. The speakers for the poem and the characters for the prose use the language for reason, in a certain condition and situation.
Then, it is suitable to the atmosphere where the language should be expressed and to what kind of the addressee or listeners are. Besides, the teachers can develop the 4 skills of language listening, speaking, reading and writing with these materials. Moreover, these can be used to develop critical thinking as well as critical reading of the students. They are eager to study since the things they find in the texts deal with the events in reality.
It must be interesting for the students if the teachers can find the suitable texts that lead them for giving opinion and ideas. The class will be alive if they can discuss the topics. Therefore, the teachers should read much and ready to explore the world. References Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and Tajabadi.
January Academy PublisherManufacture in Findland. The Reluctant Fundamentalist. A novel. Pengguin Books. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold. Australia Ismael. Al-Quds Open University Kecskes. Intercultural Pragmatics. Oxford University Press. New York. Ningsih, Kurnia. Literature as one of Genre in ForeignLanguage Teaching. Enhancing Cross Cultural Understanding throughLiterature. Presented in Sinternational Seminar. October , Lorde. For Each of You. USA Nickolayev.
Vladimir Petrovich, et all In Journal of Science and Theology, Agustus , vol 11 no4. Rai, Asha. Use of Literature in Teaching English. Vol 3. Richard C. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. University of Birmingham. Oleh karena itu, rasanya perlu menganalisis pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut. Strukturalisme genetik oleh Lucien Goldmann merupakan teori yang tepat digunakan untuk menganalisis unsur intrinsik suatu karya berikut struktur di luar karya tersebut yaitu pandangan dunia yang menaunginya.
Tulisan ini akan memuat penjabaran langkah analisis karya sastra menggunakan strukuralisme genetik beserta contoh analisisnya. Kata kunci: karya sastra, strukturalisme genetik, pandangan dunia, analisis karya sastra Pendahuluan Karya sastra merupakan salah satu karya imajiner yang memuat berbagai persoalan hidup antar manusia atau alam. Tidak jarang karya sastra merupakan hasil dari pikiran pengarang yang didasarkan kepada pengalaman dan pandangan pribadinya yang sekaligus ada unsur hiburan di dalamnya.
Altenbernd dan Lewis, dalam Nurgiyantoro, 2. Dengan kata lain, karya sastra bukan hanya berfungsi sebagai hiburan dan pengisi waktu luang semata, tetapi karya sastra juga bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran pada masyarakat tentang persoalan sebab-akibat. Berangkat dari pengetahuan di atas tentang karya sastra, alangkah baiknya pengajaran analisis karya sastra di dalam kelas diperkaya dengan analisis kaitan karya tersebut dengan fakta sejarah.
Selain merangsang pikiran kritis peserta didik dalam menganalisis karya, mereka pun bisa lebih punya kesadaran kritis dalam mengamati gejolak dan fenomena sosial yang sedang berjalan dimasa kini.
Berawal dari analisis karya sastra, peserta didik dapat mengungkapkan fakta sejarah yang barangkali ditutupi dan bahkan dicoba untuk dihilangkan dimasanya.
Efeknya tentu sangat baik untuk generasi seterusnya guna menghindari masa lalu yang kelam terulang kembali pada bangsa tersebut. Salah satu kerangka teori yang dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis karya sastra dan kaitannya dengan fakta sejarah adalah Strukturalisme Genetik oleh Lucian Goldman. Sekilas Tentang Strukturalisme Genetik Strukturalisme genetik atau nama lainnya strukturalisme historis, memiliki pemahaman bahwa karya sastra dianalisis dari segi historis.
Objek formal dari penelitian dengan menggunakan teori ini adalah struktur karya sastra. Namun, menurut Lucien Goldmann, pandangan dunia merupakan sebuah cara pandang mengenai kehidupan yang yang berstruktur, karya sastra tidaklah lepas dari pandangan dunia yang diekspresikannya dan dari struktur sosial yang membentuk dan terkandung di dalamnya.
Faruk, Kesimpulannya dalam strukturalisme genetik yang diperhatikan bukan hanya sruktur intrinsik yang membangun karya, tetapi juga pandangan penulis dan dunia yang menaungi karya tersebut. Penerapan Strukturalisme Genetik dalam Karya Sastra Langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah menentukan variabel-variabel yang membangun karya tersebut.
Secara umum ada tiga langkah yang dilakukan untuk menentukan variabel-variabel tersebut yaitu: a. Menentukan struktur yang membangun karya sastra. Menentukan pandangan dunia seperti apa yang disampaikan pengarang. Menentukan pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut pada saat diciptakan.
Untuk memerjelas pembahasan di atas, penerapan teori ini akan dicobakan langsung kepada karya sastra. Salah satu karya yang cocok dianalisis dengan teori ini adalah sebuah cerpen karya Gao Xinjian pemenang Nobel Sastra tahun berjudul Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather. Cerpen ini memuat realitas sosial masyarakat yang berada pada rezim yang menyebabkan kemelaratan bagi masyarakat kecil.
Ia mengungkapkan kemiskinan yang melanda rakyat pedesaaan dan pembangunan yang tidak merata. Tokoh I membayangkan masa kecilnya dulu yang menurutnya sangat ‘sepi’ dan ‘kosong’ karena Ia tidak bebas menjadi dirinya sendiri di masa itu. Penentuan variabel yang pertama adalah menganalisis struktur yang membangun karya. Pada cerpen karya Gao Xinjian tersebut, tokoh-tokohnya adalah Manusia-manusia yang ada di dalam cerpen ini meliputi Narator I , Grandfather, Grandmother, Wife, Son, Maradona, orang-orang di desa dan kota.
Lingkungan alamnya adalah alam yang gersang dan banyak perubahan karena modernisasi. Lingkungan kultural yang terdapat dapam cerpen antara lain: Sungai, hutan, kampung, jalan aspal, pancingan bambu, pancingan fiberglass, mata kail, senapan, perburuan, memancing, sekolah dan revolusi budaya.
Lingkungan sosial: rakyat yang miskin, orang kampung, orang kota dan para perempuan. Relasi oposional yang terbentuk dari semesta imajiner di atas adalah sebagai berikut. Oposisi Kultural: alat pancing bambu dan alat pancing fiberglass; alat pancing lokal dan alat pancing impor; kota dan kampung. Kesemuanya dibingkai oleh pasangan oposisional yang lebih besar, yaitu modernisme dan tradisionalisme.
Oposisi sosial: Orang kampung dan pemerintahan pusat yang totaliter. Penentuan variabel kedua adalah pandangan sosial atau dunia yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Peserta didik menentukan pandangan dunia tersebut dari strukur karya serta kutipan di dalam karya tersebut didukung oleh kutipan dari buku atau artikel sejarah yang berkaitan dengan pandangan dunia tersebut.
Mao Tse Tung sendiri anti komunisme Marxisme-Leninisme dan segala yang berhubungan dengan luar negeri bahkan pengetahuan nasional sendiri yang bersifat progresif. He is burning Marxist-Leninist literature publish in China and other countries, destroying progressive books of national and foreign origin. Fakta sejarah berupa pembakaran buku dan kerjasama China dengan German dituangkan dalam cerpen Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather karya Gao Xinjian ini melalui penuturan tokoh I lewat kehidupan kakeknya pada masa revolusi kebudayaan bergejolak.
In the hills not far from the city, he told me, there used to be wolves, especially when the grass started to grow in the spring. Crazed with hunger after starving all winter, the wolves came into the villages and stole piglets, attacked cows, and even ate young cowherd girls. Once they ate a girl and left only her pigtails. In the bookburning era of the Cultural Revolution they called it a lethal weapon and confiscated it.
He sat on a little wooden stool just staring ahead without saying a word. Xinjian, Kutipan di atas merupakan sindiran bagi rezim Mao Tse Tung dengan revolusi kebudayaannya. Mao sibuk membuat senjata untuk perang sementara rakyatnya kekurangan fasilitas untuk bertahan hidup atau setidaknya mendapatkan makanan yang lebih layak.
Sindiran dilontarkan lewat perandaian berikut ini, as if with a shotgun made of German steel he could shoot something more than rabbits.
Selain itu fakta sejarah seperti pembakaran buku dan hubungan yang erat antara China dan German pada masa itu diungkapkan dalam kalimat berikut, In the bookburning era of the Cultural Revolution they called it a lethal weapon and confiscated it. Kutipan tersebut merupakan kritik yang bersifat anti pemikiran Mao Tse Tung yang sama sekali tidak menguntungkan rakyat kecil. Senjata-senjata buatan German itu sama sekali tidak membawa efek positif terhadap perekonomian masyarakat.
Pembuatan senjata itu tidak lebih adalah pemenuhan kebutuhan Mao untuk mengalahkan Uni Soviet dan menjadikan Cina sebagai negara super power selanjutnya. Tulisan Xinjian sendiri juga mengandung metafora yang menyindir apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh Mao Tse Tung dan orang-orangnya. Fakta ini didapatkan lewat analisis gaya bahasa yang digunakan dan kemudian dikaitkan dengan fakta sejarah dan sosial sebagai bentuk perwujudan analisis strukturalisme genetik.
Di dalam teks serigala ini digambarkan suka memakan binatang ternak masyarakat: In the hills not far from the city, he told me, there used to be wolves, especially when the grass started to grow in the spring.
Xinjian, 66 Jika dilihat informasi dari luar melalui intertekstualitas dengan teks lain, ditemukan fakta yang sama mengenai aksi di atas. Dengan perut kosong yang hanya diisi dengan daun ubi jalar kami menggarap ladang-ladang demi revolusi. Kupikir kalau saja revolusi kebudayaan benar-benar dijalankan sampai selesai, tentunya kami semua sudah mati kelaparan. Heng, 50 Kutipan di atas memerlihatkan gerakan yang dilakukan Mao Tse Tung dalam menekan kapitalisme yang malah membuat rakyatnya melarat.
Hal yang sama terjadi pada cerpen karya Gao Xinjian yang memerlihatkan kemelaratan rakyat akibat binatang ternak mereka sebagai aset pribadi yang dianggap oleh Mao sebagai ekonomi individualistis yang mencerminkan kapitalisme dimusnahkan. Namun efeknya justru merugikan kehidupan perekonomian rakyat kecil, sementara itu mereka dipaksa untuk memajukan sektor pertanian dengan fasilitas dan kehidupan yang kurang layak.
This does not come as a surprise. I know that in the wilderness there is often little sign of human settlement, only wolves. The cunning animal at the window frame stands up like a person, resting its head on its right forepaw and watching me out of the corner of its left eye. All around, the wolves loudly smack their long tongues; they are losing patience.
Between each shot, I must work everything out n my mind. The wolves roar with laughter, hooting and guffawing These Zhang the Thirds are only people dressed as wolves, playacting. Kemudian dengan menggunakan majas personifikasi, narator menggambarkan serigala tersebut tertawa dan berteriak seperti manusia: The wolves roar with laughter, hooting and guffawing. Selanjutnya pada akhir kalimat narator mengungkapkan sendiri identitas serigala tersebut adalah manusia-manusia yang berpakaian seperti serigala dan bersandiwara: These Zhang the Thirds are only people dressed as wolves, playacting.
Dengan kata lain, Xinjian menggunakan metafora dan personifikasi tersebut untuk mengungkapkan fakta sejarah dan kritiknya terhadap tindakan yang dilakukan pasukan Mao Tse Tung yang merugikan rakyat kecil. Hal ini direpresentasikan lewat kutipan berikut: I see my grandfather sitting on a small wooden stool, his back hunched, sputtering on his pipe.
I go right up to him and call again, Grandfather! He turns around but is no longer holding his pipe. Tears stream from his ancient eyes, which seem bloodshot from smoke. In winter, to get warm, he always liked to squat by the stove and burn wood.
Why are you crying, Grandfather? I ask. He wipes the snivel with his hand. He is wearing old cloth shoes with thick padded soles that my grandmother made for him. Without saying a word, he looks at me with his bloodshot eyes. He grunts deep in his throat but without any enthusiasm. All these memories are making noises in the sand under your feet.
Xinjian, 77 Kutipan di atas memperlihatkan luka yang dirasakan oleh rakyat kecil yang hidup pada masa revolusi budaya. Sebab jika melihat konteks zamannya, pada masa itu adalah hal yang buruk jika memperlihatkan kritik atau ekspresi ketidaksenangan baik berupa kesedihan akan pemikiran dan peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Mao Tse Tung. Namun kalimat tersebut memperlihatkan kekosongan dan luka hati yang mendalam dari kakek. Dengan kata lain, bahkan tidak adalagi satu apapun yang membuat kakeknya merasa bahagia akibat tekanan yang didapat selama revolusi kebudayaan.
Penjabaran yang ketiga adalah pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut pada saat diciptakan. Peserta didik dapat mencari referensi sejarah dimasa karya tersebut dibuat untuk mengetahui pandangan dunia seperti apa yang menaunginya. Mari kembali menganalisis cerpen karya Gao Xian Jian. Pada masa sekitar cerpen ini dibuat sedang berkembang sastra luka yang menjadi bagian dari sastra pasca revolusi. Meninggalnya Mao Tse Tung pada berdampak besar pada kebebasan pengarang dalam menyampaikan idenya terutama mengenai kritik pemerintahan di masa rezim Mao Tse Tung dan efek yang ditimbulkan di masa sekarang.
Aspirasi yang umumnya disampaikan pada masa itu adalah kritik dan ekspresi ‘luka’ akan tragedi masa revolusi kebudayaan di mana pada cendikiawan dituduh sebagai ‘golongan kanan’ karena memberikan kritik pedas terhadap rezim Mao Tse Tung.
Dengan kata lain sastra pada masa pemerintahan Mao Tse Tung anti kelas borjuis dengan pemikiran yang cenderung “ultra kiri”. Yu dalam Wuryandari, Namun kebebasan dalam menentukan tema bagi pengarang semakin menyeruak dengan naiknya Deng Xiaoping sebagai pemimpin menggantikan Mao Tse Tung.
Deng pada kongres ke-4 pengarang dan Seniman Cina Oktober dan November berpendapat bahwa pengarang harus diberi kebebasan penuh untuk menentukan tema dan penyampaian karyanya merujuk pada pertimbangan estetis. Jadi pada masa tersebut merupakan ‘kebangkitan kembali masa kesusastraan Pasca-Gerakan Empat Mei. Yang dalam Wuryandari, Dengan kata lain kelas borjuis kecil dalam hal ini kaum cendikiawan seperti pengarang pada masa itu mempunyai kebebasan lebih untuk berekspresi dan menyatakan fakta apa yang terjadi.
Dalam situasi seperti ini, kelas sosial pengarang berada dalam posisi yang bebas menyalurkan aspirasinya. Keadaan pengarang sebagai kaum borjuis pada masa Mao Tse Tung dibatasi kebebasannya dalam mengarang.
Sehingga Struktur sosial yang demikian mendorong pengarang untuk mengekspresikan rasa luka sekaligus kritiknya atas rezim tersebut. Cerpen ini mengekspresikan pandangan dunia yang demikian sebagai implikasi dari masa lalu yang mendeskreditkan posisinya sebagai pengarang.
Keadaan yang membuatnya tidak dapat menjadi diri sendiri seperti yang tersirat dalam kutipan berikut ini di dalam cerpen: Who are you talking with? That boy without clothes?
A naked soul. I hope so. Otherwise this world would be too lonely. Are you lonely? In this world, yes. What other world is there? Do you have an inner world? Ia seperti melihat sosok dirinya pada masa kecil. Kutipan tersebut memperlihatkan kekosongan jiwanya di dunia yang dijalaninya sebagai dunia nyata. Kalimat terakhir, Do you have an inner world? Hal ini sangat berhubungan dengan kehidupan nyata pengarang di mana pada masa itu di dalam struktur sosial, pemerintah memegang kuasa yang totaliter.
Sehingga posisinya sebagai kaum borjuis disingkirkan dengan cara memosisikan mereka sebagai kaum proletar agar tidak dapat berkarya dan menjadi apa yang Ia inginkan. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan riwayat Gao Xinjian sendiri yaitu pada masa Revolusi budaya Gao dikirim ke kamp pendidikan ulang.
Gao terkenal di Cina sebagai pembangkang terhadap pemerintahan di negerinya, karya-karyanya dilarang di Cina Smith: Dia terpaksa membakar banyak karyanya dan bekerja keras di sawah- ladang.
Selama itu Ia dididik dengan ideologi proletar, namun pada masa itu Gao tetap menulis secara diam-diam. Bouwman: Kesimpulannya, dengan menerapkan teori strukturalisme genetik Lucien Goldman, ditemukan bahwa cerpen Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather mengekspresikan pandangan dunia yang diyakini oleh kaum cendikiawan borjuis yang pernah hidup dalam masyarakat dengan struktur sosial yang didominasi oleh penguasa yang pro kaum proletar namun fundamentalis.
Namun struktur sosial yang digeluti kaum cendikiawan pada masa cerpen ini dibuat memungkinkan mereka untuk bebas menyalurkan aspirasi lewat karya yang mereka buat. Revolusi yang pada akhirnya hanya menyebabkan kemiskinan, kemelaratan dan luka yang mendalam bagi rakyat Cina pada masa karya tersebut dibuat. Simpulan Melalui contoh analisis strukturalisme genetik di atas, dapat dilihat adanya kaitan antara karya sastra dengan sejarah.
Hal ini dapat mendorong peserta didik untuk lebih mengetahui sejarah, baik bangsanya sendiri ataupun dunia. Selain itu, penerapan teori ini diharapkan dapat membuat wilayah analisis karya sastra menjadi lebih luas. Majalah Kreasi, Gao Xingjian – Biographical”. Nobel Media AB Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, Jakarta: PT. Pustaka Utama Grafiti, Ming, Wang. Nurgiyantoro, Burhan. Teori Pengajian Fiksi. Yogyakarta: Gadja Mada University Press, Smith, Alex Duval.
The Independent UK. Wacana vol. Those ways can be in terms of form, for instance through oral or written communication, through literary work, or in terms of language selection for instance by using connotative leading to the use of metaphor or figurative language or denotative language. This article presents how he presents the meaning through the whole poem or what kind of devices he uses to make his intention understood by the readers and the ideology behind his poem.
To be able to analyze this poem correctly, it is very important to know his biography to find out his reasons of writing the poem, to which literary era he belongs to, to find out the characteristics of his poem. The analysis of the poem shows that there is certain ideology that he wants to convey and that ideology is the spirit of war. This statement derives from the fact that a poem rarely used denotative language; mostly a poet uses connotative language in the form of metaphor or figurative language.
Connotative language is a language that carries associative meaning as opposed to literal meaning; figurative language is the form with associative meaning, imaginative for example metaphor, personification, hyperbole Morner and Rausch The reason for a poet to use connotative language is to give more power to the words Omar Hall says that ideology is all the devices in a language used by people that are deployed to reach certain goal.
This is not easy because a word can be differently interpreted based on the culture Omar The ideology is presented through beautiful figurative language so that those who are not careful in reading it might be misled.
Then recognizing analyzing the figurative language is very crucial. In relation to this difficulty, the purpose of this poem is to find out the ideology behind the poem and how the ideology is carried out. Many people have talked about this poem; among others are Evans ; Climenhaga ; Blair Although he was a doctor, when he was young he was interested in military that made him join the Highfield Cadet Corps.
In when as a doctor he was sent to South African War he was so disappointed to see that the sick and injured soldiers were treated very badly. This made him leave the military life. In he joined the World War I in which he was actively involved. He joined the war as a Canadian soldier and at that time Canada was the member of the British Empire. In April , he was stationed near Ypres, Belgium, in a place called Flanders.
During a severe fight, when he was in a trench, he saw his friend, a, twenty-two-year-old Lieutenant Alexis Helmer, was killed by artillery fire and buried in a makeshift grave.
On the next day he saw wild poppies were blooming on the grave. This inspired him to write a poem called In Flanders Field that turns to be very famous. This poem has been translated into many languages. The poppy soon became known as the flower of remembrance for the men and women in Britain, France, the United States, and Canada who have died in service of their country.
McCrae died of pneumonia and meningitis on January 28, We are the dead; short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields. Take up our quarrel with the foe! To you from failing hands we throw The torch; be yours to hold it high! If ye break faith with us who die We shall not sleep, though poppies grow In Flanders fields. The first stanza uses the image of poppies, crosses, larks and guns.
Poppies actually have some colors namely red, white, black and purple. Red poppies are known as the symbol of remembrance. Crosses are the symbols of graveyard, larks the symbol of cheerfulness since it is a singing bird, while a gun is a weapon used to kill. The first stanza, then, tells that there are birds flying, singing over a graveyard where the poppies grow. It seems very peaceful. However, the peacefulness is disturbed by the situation that the sound of the bird is almost unheard because of the sound of the guns below, on the battle field.
McCrae tries to conceal the fearfulness of the war by using beautiful images of poppies and larks. The second stanza presents the image that the speaker is a dead person. He belongs to a group of people who are killed in the war and buried in that graveyard. There is a very short distance between life and death. He says that it was few days ago he was alive, but now he has been buried along with his other dead friends in the graveyard called Flanders Field. However his death does not make the war over.
How he wants the living others to react against his death is presented in the third stanza. The third stanza is a kind of call from the dead to the living people. They want the living people keep on fighting the enemies. The torch he mentions symbolizes the spirit to keep on fighting against what he considers enemies, those who have made them buried there. He is dead and he cannot continue the war. Besides giving a call, he also utter a threat that no matter how peaceful the situation with poppies grow there , he will not be able to rest in peace if the war stops.
There are many more who agree with him. The war must be kept going. Why is it very important for McCrae to keep the war going? As it has been mentioned in his biographical note, his friend was killed in the war. To make things worse for him is that Canada which is his country actually has nothing to do with the World War I. But since Canada is the ally of Britain that was having war with America, Canada decided to send its soldiers to help the British to win the war.
At that time Canada was also in the effort to be known by the world. This idea costs a lot since many of Canadian soldiers got killed in the battle fields. Thus, the main reason for McCrae to create this poem is putting the weight of nationalism and protecting Canada from enemies, is to make revenge on the death of his friend. In a very clever way he structures this poem so that death, graveyard, battlefields are not something horrifying.
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Their English surely will be variety based on their own culture. It is commonly said that the characters of people can be understood from the way they use language. Hantraits in Leverigde Therefore, the characters such as self-confident, self- control, honesty, responsibility, even respectful are reflected during the interaction, especially if the speakers realize, what, when, to whom and why they speak.
These are the characters of human being that should be hold as an educated and religious person. These should have been provided by the family since they are children. Unfortunately, this is not enough to help the generation facing the globalization era. The government of Indonesia anticipates the problem by involving the issue of building character into the curriculum that can be applied for any level of education starting from kindergarten up to University. It is expected that every subject the students learn should reflect the building characters.
Rai 73 says that Literary texts poem, short story, novel or drama are rich with sociolinguistic aspects. The text is created by the authors however the language they use represents how people use it originally in daily life. Besides, the literary works deals with the events found in reality. This paper discusses how the teacher of language especially English provides the students with the material contained the building character.
Through language the members of society express their ideas, feeling even emotion. They grow up with the language. According to Halliday xvii a language is a system for making meanings: a semantic system, with other systems for encoding the meanings it produces.
The term semantic does not simply refer to the meaning of words; it is entire system of meaning of a language expressed by grammar and vocabulary. Thus, Hallidays argues that learning language is learning how to mean. When people learn language indirectly, they learn the etiquette. According to Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary Etiquette is a set of customs and rules for polite behavior, especially in a particular class of people or in a particular profession.
Thus, etiquette cannot be separated from the language people use. Through language people explore the world. Furthermore Kecskes 6 says that life and interaction with the world shapes our thoughts and language. What people of a language community find important to be expressed in their life will definitely be expressed in that language. Thus, learning language does not only deals with the structure and system of it but also how to behave during the interaction.
Thus, the students do not only memorize the lesson but they have to experience so that they are able to apply it in their life. Therefore, the language they learn should prompt and make them eager to apply it for communication.
This can be obtained from the literary works. In addition, Nickolayev, et al mentions that there are four components of communication. Second, consideration for other which means ability to know the need, expectation and motives of the listener. Third, how communication operates, it should be understood that Communication is dynamic, and flexible process so that people have to be alert and adaptable and considerate.
Fourth, effective performance which deals with how to organize and present the information or ideas. The students should learn these otherwise they cannot able to use language for good communication. There are four aspects of competence should be required by the students, they are spiritual, social, knowledge and skills, including critical thinking and reading DIKTI.
June To fulfil the requirements, the curriculum provides the syllabus for the teachers as a guide in choosing the material for teaching learning language based on genre. Besides, the students have to be able to get the meaning from the text in written and oral. According to Halliday quoted by Kurnia Thus, people speak or write because they want to justify their idea, give information, argue, warn the customer, report or describe things, even just tell a story or make a joke.
These are what they students should learn. Based on the curriculum, the students at junior and high school have to study a poem and narrative these are part of literary works. Many experts discuss about the literary works that can be used for material in teaching language. Cruz believes that literature as aesthetics creation is rich source of authentic material since it conveys language in use and represent the spoken and written language within a certain cultural context. Literary works such as novels, plays, short stories and poetry facilitate understanding how communication takes place in the society of the country.
Though the texts are just imaginative writing but they present full and colorful setting in which characters from different social background can be described. The texts are rich of naturalness of language use that can provide students with wide range of syntactic items, discourse functions of sentence, different ways of connecting ideas that they need for the skills of language.
Once they involve in literary text, they feel excited to find out what happens, they even feel close to a certain character and share the emotional response. It is supported by Thejirika who says that language theories, concept and styles are put into function in the creation of literary texts. Literary text is rich with authentic language: how people really use language based on culture such as its function and purpose. Those literary works have big contribution for teaching- learning material, and can develop the four skills of language as well.
Besides, the concept which are developed in the literary works are variety and interesting. Marley quoted by Khatib mentions that Literary works deals with universal concepts such as love, hatred, death, nature, etc.
These concepts certainly are going to motivate the students to learn since all the events are close to them, and occur in their surroundings.
Gillespie in Kurnia p. Furthermore, he claims that literature as a vehicle that will help us to discover more about ourselves and the meaning we can make of life.
As Ismael, in his article, says that students can gain insight into literature by gaining entrance to a world familiar or unfamiliar to them due to the cultural aspects of works, and taking a voyage from literary text to their own mind to finds meanings for ideas, leading to critical thinking. Moreover, the texts are able to prompt students to question, interpret, connect and explore the meaning.
As Ghosn in Aghagolzadeh p. Thus, the students learn language as well as build their characters. This is taken from the Poem for Each of You by Audre Lorde , the black woman writer whose poems are full with leading the readers to behave in facing the life. The lines here clearly encourage the readers to stand up, know themselves, be aware, and have self-confident that they have ability. Thus, the texts reflect that as human being live in the society should love and care to other.
They should show it so that they are not marginalized easily by others. The life depends on the people themselves.
You have to think and learn something in order to fulfil your need. You are the only one that knows what exactly your need. Never give up or just wait for help. Nobody can do it for you. You have to stand up and strive to achieve your goal.
You need knowledge and skills, and think critically. Thus, people need education. Without knowledge and skills, you are going to be subordinated. You should be resilient person, want to work hard and think critically to get something for your success. Be aware that they have ability to face problem.
However they should have also the self-control, critical and positive thinking, priority and efficincy and recilience in facing the problem or to pursue their dream.
Through the poem the teachers can prompt the students to discuss the meaning of the text that directly lead them to build their own characters. They need these to get success in their life rather than just wait and get everything instantly. They learn language in fact they learn to be human being The material can be taken from novel or short story like the quotations below.
You were the best candidate at the best school in the country. You bonus and staffing will depend on them. Since the character and their friend are scholarship students in abroad, they must be smart and discipline. However, the company that recruit them for employee has certain rule.
Though this is just story but all of these are real that what the company requires and tests are compulsory characters to be as an employee. Maximum return was the maxim to which we returned, time and again. They learn to be creative but should be efficient. They should understand their job, work efferently, focus on how to achieve the goal and able to make decision for the best. They have to know which should get priority. Those are going to give benefit to their goal. All of these are the characters of people if they want to be success in their life and able to handle the problem they face.
They get language use as well as to improve their characters. Conclusion Clearly learning language does not only focuses on its structure, function and purpose based on the social-cultural context but also to help the students build their own characters.
Therefore, the materials are not only good for teaching language, but also to build the characters of the students that they need in their daily life. The speakers for the poem and the characters for the prose use the language for reason, in a certain condition and situation. Then, it is suitable to the atmosphere where the language should be expressed and to what kind of the addressee or listeners are.
Besides, the teachers can develop the 4 skills of language listening, speaking, reading and writing with these materials. Moreover, these can be used to develop critical thinking as well as critical reading of the students. They are eager to study since the things they find in the texts deal with the events in reality.
It must be interesting for the students if the teachers can find the suitable texts that lead them for giving opinion and ideas. The class will be alive if they can discuss the topics. Therefore, the teachers should read much and ready to explore the world. References Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows and Tajabadi. January Academy PublisherManufacture in Findland. The Reluctant Fundamentalist.
A novel. Pengguin Books. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold. Australia Ismael. Al-Quds Open University Kecskes. Intercultural Pragmatics.
Oxford University Press. New York. Ningsih, Kurnia. Literature as one of Genre in ForeignLanguage Teaching. Enhancing Cross Cultural Understanding throughLiterature. Presented in Sinternational Seminar. October , Lorde. For Each of You. USA Nickolayev. Vladimir Petrovich, et all In Journal of Science and Theology, Agustus , vol 11 no4. Rai, Asha. Use of Literature in Teaching English.
Vol 3. Richard C. Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary. University of Birmingham. Oleh karena itu, rasanya perlu menganalisis pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut. Strukturalisme genetik oleh Lucien Goldmann merupakan teori yang tepat digunakan untuk menganalisis unsur intrinsik suatu karya berikut struktur di luar karya tersebut yaitu pandangan dunia yang menaunginya.
Tulisan ini akan memuat penjabaran langkah analisis karya sastra menggunakan strukuralisme genetik beserta contoh analisisnya. Kata kunci: karya sastra, strukturalisme genetik, pandangan dunia, analisis karya sastra Pendahuluan Karya sastra merupakan salah satu karya imajiner yang memuat berbagai persoalan hidup antar manusia atau alam. Tidak jarang karya sastra merupakan hasil dari pikiran pengarang yang didasarkan kepada pengalaman dan pandangan pribadinya yang sekaligus ada unsur hiburan di dalamnya.
Altenbernd dan Lewis, dalam Nurgiyantoro, 2. Dengan kata lain, karya sastra bukan hanya berfungsi sebagai hiburan dan pengisi waktu luang semata, tetapi karya sastra juga bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran pada masyarakat tentang persoalan sebab-akibat.
Berangkat dari pengetahuan di atas tentang karya sastra, alangkah baiknya pengajaran analisis karya sastra di dalam kelas diperkaya dengan analisis kaitan karya tersebut dengan fakta sejarah. Selain merangsang pikiran kritis peserta didik dalam menganalisis karya, mereka pun bisa lebih punya kesadaran kritis dalam mengamati gejolak dan fenomena sosial yang sedang berjalan dimasa kini.
Berawal dari analisis karya sastra, peserta didik dapat mengungkapkan fakta sejarah yang barangkali ditutupi dan bahkan dicoba untuk dihilangkan dimasanya. Efeknya tentu sangat baik untuk generasi seterusnya guna menghindari masa lalu yang kelam terulang kembali pada bangsa tersebut. Salah satu kerangka teori yang dapat digunakan dalam menganalisis karya sastra dan kaitannya dengan fakta sejarah adalah Strukturalisme Genetik oleh Lucian Goldman.
Sekilas Tentang Strukturalisme Genetik Strukturalisme genetik atau nama lainnya strukturalisme historis, memiliki pemahaman bahwa karya sastra dianalisis dari segi historis. Objek formal dari penelitian dengan menggunakan teori ini adalah struktur karya sastra. Namun, menurut Lucien Goldmann, pandangan dunia merupakan sebuah cara pandang mengenai kehidupan yang yang berstruktur, karya sastra tidaklah lepas dari pandangan dunia yang diekspresikannya dan dari struktur sosial yang membentuk dan terkandung di dalamnya.
Faruk, Kesimpulannya dalam strukturalisme genetik yang diperhatikan bukan hanya sruktur intrinsik yang membangun karya, tetapi juga pandangan penulis dan dunia yang menaungi karya tersebut. Penerapan Strukturalisme Genetik dalam Karya Sastra Langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah menentukan variabel-variabel yang membangun karya tersebut. Secara umum ada tiga langkah yang dilakukan untuk menentukan variabel-variabel tersebut yaitu: a.
Menentukan struktur yang membangun karya sastra. Menentukan pandangan dunia seperti apa yang disampaikan pengarang. Menentukan pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut pada saat diciptakan. Untuk memerjelas pembahasan di atas, penerapan teori ini akan dicobakan langsung kepada karya sastra. Salah satu karya yang cocok dianalisis dengan teori ini adalah sebuah cerpen karya Gao Xinjian pemenang Nobel Sastra tahun berjudul Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather.
Cerpen ini memuat realitas sosial masyarakat yang berada pada rezim yang menyebabkan kemelaratan bagi masyarakat kecil. Ia mengungkapkan kemiskinan yang melanda rakyat pedesaaan dan pembangunan yang tidak merata. Tokoh I membayangkan masa kecilnya dulu yang menurutnya sangat ‘sepi’ dan ‘kosong’ karena Ia tidak bebas menjadi dirinya sendiri di masa itu.
Penentuan variabel yang pertama adalah menganalisis struktur yang membangun karya. Pada cerpen karya Gao Xinjian tersebut, tokoh-tokohnya adalah Manusia-manusia yang ada di dalam cerpen ini meliputi Narator I , Grandfather, Grandmother, Wife, Son, Maradona, orang-orang di desa dan kota. Lingkungan alamnya adalah alam yang gersang dan banyak perubahan karena modernisasi. Lingkungan kultural yang terdapat dapam cerpen antara lain: Sungai, hutan, kampung, jalan aspal, pancingan bambu, pancingan fiberglass, mata kail, senapan, perburuan, memancing, sekolah dan revolusi budaya.
Lingkungan sosial: rakyat yang miskin, orang kampung, orang kota dan para perempuan. Relasi oposional yang terbentuk dari semesta imajiner di atas adalah sebagai berikut.
Oposisi Kultural: alat pancing bambu dan alat pancing fiberglass; alat pancing lokal dan alat pancing impor; kota dan kampung. Kesemuanya dibingkai oleh pasangan oposisional yang lebih besar, yaitu modernisme dan tradisionalisme. Oposisi sosial: Orang kampung dan pemerintahan pusat yang totaliter.
Penentuan variabel kedua adalah pandangan sosial atau dunia yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Peserta didik menentukan pandangan dunia tersebut dari strukur karya serta kutipan di dalam karya tersebut didukung oleh kutipan dari buku atau artikel sejarah yang berkaitan dengan pandangan dunia tersebut.
Mao Tse Tung sendiri anti komunisme Marxisme-Leninisme dan segala yang berhubungan dengan luar negeri bahkan pengetahuan nasional sendiri yang bersifat progresif. He is burning Marxist-Leninist literature publish in China and other countries, destroying progressive books of national and foreign origin. Fakta sejarah berupa pembakaran buku dan kerjasama China dengan German dituangkan dalam cerpen Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather karya Gao Xinjian ini melalui penuturan tokoh I lewat kehidupan kakeknya pada masa revolusi kebudayaan bergejolak.
In the hills not far from the city, he told me, there used to be wolves, especially when the grass started to grow in the spring. Crazed with hunger after starving all winter, the wolves came into the villages and stole piglets, attacked cows, and even ate young cowherd girls. Once they ate a girl and left only her pigtails.
In the bookburning era of the Cultural Revolution they called it a lethal weapon and confiscated it. He sat on a little wooden stool just staring ahead without saying a word. Xinjian, Kutipan di atas merupakan sindiran bagi rezim Mao Tse Tung dengan revolusi kebudayaannya.
Mao sibuk membuat senjata untuk perang sementara rakyatnya kekurangan fasilitas untuk bertahan hidup atau setidaknya mendapatkan makanan yang lebih layak. Sindiran dilontarkan lewat perandaian berikut ini, as if with a shotgun made of German steel he could shoot something more than rabbits.
Selain itu fakta sejarah seperti pembakaran buku dan hubungan yang erat antara China dan German pada masa itu diungkapkan dalam kalimat berikut, In the bookburning era of the Cultural Revolution they called it a lethal weapon and confiscated it. Kutipan tersebut merupakan kritik yang bersifat anti pemikiran Mao Tse Tung yang sama sekali tidak menguntungkan rakyat kecil.
Senjata-senjata buatan German itu sama sekali tidak membawa efek positif terhadap perekonomian masyarakat. Pembuatan senjata itu tidak lebih adalah pemenuhan kebutuhan Mao untuk mengalahkan Uni Soviet dan menjadikan Cina sebagai negara super power selanjutnya.
Tulisan Xinjian sendiri juga mengandung metafora yang menyindir apa yang sudah dilakukan oleh Mao Tse Tung dan orang-orangnya. Fakta ini didapatkan lewat analisis gaya bahasa yang digunakan dan kemudian dikaitkan dengan fakta sejarah dan sosial sebagai bentuk perwujudan analisis strukturalisme genetik.
Di dalam teks serigala ini digambarkan suka memakan binatang ternak masyarakat: In the hills not far from the city, he told me, there used to be wolves, especially when the grass started to grow in the spring.
Xinjian, 66 Jika dilihat informasi dari luar melalui intertekstualitas dengan teks lain, ditemukan fakta yang sama mengenai aksi di atas. Dengan perut kosong yang hanya diisi dengan daun ubi jalar kami menggarap ladang-ladang demi revolusi.
Kupikir kalau saja revolusi kebudayaan benar-benar dijalankan sampai selesai, tentunya kami semua sudah mati kelaparan. Heng, 50 Kutipan di atas memerlihatkan gerakan yang dilakukan Mao Tse Tung dalam menekan kapitalisme yang malah membuat rakyatnya melarat.
Hal yang sama terjadi pada cerpen karya Gao Xinjian yang memerlihatkan kemelaratan rakyat akibat binatang ternak mereka sebagai aset pribadi yang dianggap oleh Mao sebagai ekonomi individualistis yang mencerminkan kapitalisme dimusnahkan.
Namun efeknya justru merugikan kehidupan perekonomian rakyat kecil, sementara itu mereka dipaksa untuk memajukan sektor pertanian dengan fasilitas dan kehidupan yang kurang layak. This does not come as a surprise. I know that in the wilderness there is often little sign of human settlement, only wolves. The cunning animal at the window frame stands up like a person, resting its head on its right forepaw and watching me out of the corner of its left eye.
All around, the wolves loudly smack their long tongues; they are losing patience. Between each shot, I must work everything out n my mind. The wolves roar with laughter, hooting and guffawing These Zhang the Thirds are only people dressed as wolves, playacting. Kemudian dengan menggunakan majas personifikasi, narator menggambarkan serigala tersebut tertawa dan berteriak seperti manusia: The wolves roar with laughter, hooting and guffawing.
Selanjutnya pada akhir kalimat narator mengungkapkan sendiri identitas serigala tersebut adalah manusia-manusia yang berpakaian seperti serigala dan bersandiwara: These Zhang the Thirds are only people dressed as wolves, playacting.
Dengan kata lain, Xinjian menggunakan metafora dan personifikasi tersebut untuk mengungkapkan fakta sejarah dan kritiknya terhadap tindakan yang dilakukan pasukan Mao Tse Tung yang merugikan rakyat kecil.
Hal ini direpresentasikan lewat kutipan berikut: I see my grandfather sitting on a small wooden stool, his back hunched, sputtering on his pipe. I go right up to him and call again, Grandfather! He turns around but is no longer holding his pipe. Tears stream from his ancient eyes, which seem bloodshot from smoke.
In winter, to get warm, he always liked to squat by the stove and burn wood. Why are you crying, Grandfather? I ask. He wipes the snivel with his hand. He is wearing old cloth shoes with thick padded soles that my grandmother made for him.
Without saying a word, he looks at me with his bloodshot eyes. He grunts deep in his throat but without any enthusiasm. All these memories are making noises in the sand under your feet. Xinjian, 77 Kutipan di atas memperlihatkan luka yang dirasakan oleh rakyat kecil yang hidup pada masa revolusi budaya. Sebab jika melihat konteks zamannya, pada masa itu adalah hal yang buruk jika memperlihatkan kritik atau ekspresi ketidaksenangan baik berupa kesedihan akan pemikiran dan peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Mao Tse Tung.
Namun kalimat tersebut memperlihatkan kekosongan dan luka hati yang mendalam dari kakek. Dengan kata lain, bahkan tidak adalagi satu apapun yang membuat kakeknya merasa bahagia akibat tekanan yang didapat selama revolusi kebudayaan. Penjabaran yang ketiga adalah pandangan dunia atau sosial yang menaungi karya sastra tersebut pada saat diciptakan. Peserta didik dapat mencari referensi sejarah dimasa karya tersebut dibuat untuk mengetahui pandangan dunia seperti apa yang menaunginya.
Mari kembali menganalisis cerpen karya Gao Xian Jian. Pada masa sekitar cerpen ini dibuat sedang berkembang sastra luka yang menjadi bagian dari sastra pasca revolusi. Meninggalnya Mao Tse Tung pada berdampak besar pada kebebasan pengarang dalam menyampaikan idenya terutama mengenai kritik pemerintahan di masa rezim Mao Tse Tung dan efek yang ditimbulkan di masa sekarang.
Aspirasi yang umumnya disampaikan pada masa itu adalah kritik dan ekspresi ‘luka’ akan tragedi masa revolusi kebudayaan di mana pada cendikiawan dituduh sebagai ‘golongan kanan’ karena memberikan kritik pedas terhadap rezim Mao Tse Tung.
Dengan kata lain sastra pada masa pemerintahan Mao Tse Tung anti kelas borjuis dengan pemikiran yang cenderung “ultra kiri”. Yu dalam Wuryandari, Namun kebebasan dalam menentukan tema bagi pengarang semakin menyeruak dengan naiknya Deng Xiaoping sebagai pemimpin menggantikan Mao Tse Tung. Deng pada kongres ke-4 pengarang dan Seniman Cina Oktober dan November berpendapat bahwa pengarang harus diberi kebebasan penuh untuk menentukan tema dan penyampaian karyanya merujuk pada pertimbangan estetis.
Jadi pada masa tersebut merupakan ‘kebangkitan kembali masa kesusastraan Pasca-Gerakan Empat Mei. Yang dalam Wuryandari, Dengan kata lain kelas borjuis kecil dalam hal ini kaum cendikiawan seperti pengarang pada masa itu mempunyai kebebasan lebih untuk berekspresi dan menyatakan fakta apa yang terjadi.
Dalam situasi seperti ini, kelas sosial pengarang berada dalam posisi yang bebas menyalurkan aspirasinya. Keadaan pengarang sebagai kaum borjuis pada masa Mao Tse Tung dibatasi kebebasannya dalam mengarang. Sehingga Struktur sosial yang demikian mendorong pengarang untuk mengekspresikan rasa luka sekaligus kritiknya atas rezim tersebut. Cerpen ini mengekspresikan pandangan dunia yang demikian sebagai implikasi dari masa lalu yang mendeskreditkan posisinya sebagai pengarang.
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